D-glycero-b-d-heptose 1-phosphate (hmp) conjugates and use for targeted immune modulation

ABSTRACT

Heptose-1-monophosphate-7-derivatives are modifiable immunomodulators that can be used to prepare clinically active conjugate compounds. Such conjugate compounds are useful in modulating an immune response in a subject.

FIELD

The present invention relates generally to phosphorylated heptose compounds. More specifically, the present invention relates to use of heptopyranose phosphate and conjugates thereof in modulating, or targeting the modulation of, an immune response in a subject, to improve the specificity and effect of HMP and enhance protection.

BACKGROUND

The immune system provides protection against infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. A substantial number of medical conditions are associated with a compromised immune system and its associated increase in susceptibility to infectious agents. Thus, for example, patients undergoing surgery, radiation or chemotherapy, and those suffering from autoimmune diseases and diseases interfering with a normal metabolic immune response, such as HIV (AIDS), are all at a heightened risk of developing pathological conditions resulting from infection. While pharmaceuticals—antibiotics, such as ampicillin, tetracycline and quinolones, for example, in the case of bacterial infections—offer treatment options, resistance of the infectious agent to these pharmaceuticals is an increasingly significant concern.

Therefore, there is need for immune activating or modulating strategies to induce responses better able to prevent or combat infection. Furthermore, vaccines preventing or treating infection by many microbial organisms have been developed, however there is an ongoing need for additional vaccine formulations, as the immune stimulatory profile of known vaccine formulations is frequently suboptimal.

Vaccines have also been proposed to help the immune system target cancerous cells or tissues, however there is a need to improve the immune response so that it can more effectively combat the cancer. Finally, there is ongoing need to alter pathogenic immune responses, and particularly pathogenic inflammatory responses, to reduce disease symptoms and/or progression.

The ability to modulate the immune system of the host is becoming more and more critical as we strive to improve the immune response of individuals to generate a protective response. This is outlined for example in WO 2016/054745 entitled “Methods of modulating immune system responses.” Understanding and exploiting potential new immunomodulation pathways are also critical to the development of new drugs.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; also known as microbial-associated molecular patterns, or MAMPs) are molecules produced by microbes that are specifically recognised and used as cues by the human immune system to generate innate and adaptive immune responses to keep foreign pathogens at bay. The ability to synthesise PAMPs will enable the specific modulation of the immune system to improve the immune response and generate protection.

Only a limited number of PAMPs have been identified, e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS), unmethylated CpG motifs within bacterial DNA, and flagellin. This limits the opportunity to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of these molecules. In most cases, PAMPs are difficult to synthesise completely or isolate at required and reproducible levels of purity, and thus precludes an opportunity to specifically address how these PAMPs interact with the immune system to exploit this relationship, when a pure, fully characterised supply of the PAMPs is unavailable.

Therefore, there is a need in the art to develop further PAMP molecules as treatment and prevention options against infections caused by infectious agents, cancerous cells and immune or inflammatory diseases.

SUMMARY

The inventors have identified phosphorylated heptose compounds (such as HMP) as PAMP-like molecules useful in modulating an immune response in a subject.

More specifically, in accordance with a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an HMP-linker corresponding to formula (I):

wherein group «R» is a linkage moiety adapted (or suitable) for conjugating with a functional molecule to form a conjugate, and Y is H or an appropriate atom for forming a salt thereof. Particularly, the conjugate is adapted (or capable) of modulating an immune response in a subject. More particularly, the conjugate is adapted (or capable) of targeting a modulation of an immune response in a subject.

Alternatively, the present invention provides an immunomodulatory compound comprising a molecule conjugated to a D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose 1β-phosphate (heptopyranose-1-monophosphate; HMP) moiety. Particularly, the molecule is a functional molecule, such as, for example, a drug, a cell surface antigen, a biological response modifier (BRM), a cell differentiation antigen specific binding partner or a marker. More particularly, the functional molecule is conjugated at position-7 of HMP or at position-2 of HMP, most particularly at position-7.

In accordance with a particular aspect, the invention provides a method to prepare an immunomodulator conjugate comprising the step of: conjugating a functional molecule with a compound of formula (I)

whereby the immunomodulator conjugate has immunomodulatory and/or targeting activity.

In accordance with an alternative aspect, the invention provides a conjugate compound of formula (II):

wherein X is a functional molecule and Y is H or an appropriate atom for forming a salt thereof, for use in targeting and/or modulating an immune response in a subject.

In accordance with a particular aspect, the use for modulating an immune response in a subject may comprise: a) improving the delivery of this HMP moiety into the cell. This could be achieved by linking the HMP moiety to a lipid or fatty acid or other molecule that would improve the permeability of HMP across cell membranes; b) treating an HIV infection by stimulating HIV latently-infected cells to start producing virus, and killing the produced virus; whereby the HMP-anti-HIV conjugate eradicates the latent viral pool and treats the HIV infection; or c)

In accordance with an alternative aspect, the invention provides a use of an effective amount of a compound of formula (II) as defined herein, for targeting and/or modulating an immune response in a subject.

Alternatively, the invention provides a use of a conjugate-compound of formula (II) for the manufacture of a medicament for targeting and/or modulating an immune response in a subject.

In accordance with an alternative aspect, the invention provides a method for modulating an immune response in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the conjugate-compound of formula (II) as defined herein.

In accordance with an alternative aspect, the invention provides a method for improving the delivery of this HMP moiety into the cell. This could be achieved by linking the HMP moiety to a lipid or fatty acid or other molecule that would improve the permeability of HMP across cell membranes

In accordance with a particular aspect, there is provided a method for the treatment of HIV comprising the steps of: administering an HMP-derivative conjugated to an anti-HIV molecule, wherein the HMP moiety stimulates HIV latently-infected cells to start producing virus, and wherein the anti-HIV molecule kills the produced virus; whereby the HMP-anti-HIV conjugate eradicates the latent viral pool and treats the HIV infection.

In accordance with a particular aspect, there is provided a method for treating latent HIV infection comprising the steps of: administering an HMP-derivative conjugated to an HIV-reservoir cell-specific targeting molecule to a subject, and treating said subject with an anti-HIV drug, wherein the HMP moiety stimulates HIV latently-infected cells to produce virus, and the anti-HIV drug kills the produced virus; whereby the method eradicates the latent HIV viral pool.

In accordance with a further aspect, the invention provides a method for synthesizing a compound of formula (II) comprising the steps of Scheme 1 (FIG. 1A):

Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of specific embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION Brief Description of the Drawings

In the appended drawings:

FIG. 1A. Reaction scheme 1 for the general synthesis of derivative linkers of HMP-β.

FIG. 1B. Reaction scheme 2 for the synthesis of particular embodiments of derivative linkers of HMP-β.

FIGS. 2A-B: A) ¹H NMR spectra of 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS10); B) HSQC ¹H-¹³C, NMR spectra of compound JS10.

FIGS. 3A-B. A) ¹H NMR spectra of 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-Glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose (JS11a). B) ¹³C NMR spectra of 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-Glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose (JS11a).

FIGS. 4A-B. A) ¹H NMR spectra of D-glycero-D-manno heptose (JS12a). B) ¹³C NMR spectra of D-glycero-D-manno heptose (JS12a).

FIGS. 5A-C. A) ¹H NMR spectra of 7-O-(Aminoethyl-pH-Rhodo)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS13a). B) LMRS spectra of 7-O-(Aminoethyl-pH-Rhodo)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS13a). C) HPLC chromatogram of 7-O-(Aminoethyl-pH-Rhodo)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS13a).

FIGS. 6A-B. A) ¹H NMR spectra of 7-O-([Biotin]amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS14a). B) ¹³C NMR spectra of 7-O-([Biotin]amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosylphosphate (JS14a).

FIG. 7. ¹H NMR spectra of 7-O-([Biotin]-dPEG4-amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS24a)

FIG. 8. ¹H NMR spectra of 7-O-([Fluorescein]-amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate (JS25a)

FIGS. 9A-B. Inflammatory response of human colonic epithelial cells (HCT 116) exposed to chemically synthesized analogues. Wild type (WT) or TIFA knockout (TIFA KO) cells were treated with compounds in the presence of digitonin for 20 min, treatment was removed, cells were washed and then cultured in normal medium without the synthetic compounds for 6 hr before IL-8 levels in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. (A) Cells were treated with water or 10 μg/mL of the indicated compound. Data are means±standard error mean of technical triplicates. (B) Cells were treated with the NOD1 agonist C12-iE-DAP (39.8 μM) or with two different molar concentrations of compounds (30 μM or 150 μM). Two batches of dd-β-HBP and dd-β-HMP synthesized independently of one another were tested (batch #1 and batch #2) to assess consistency of the chemical synthesis. Data are means±standard error mean of two (150 μM treatment) or three (all other treatments) independent experiments. Nod1 agonist: C12-iE-DAP (20 μg/ml, 39.8 μM); JS-12: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose; JS-2: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate; JS-7:D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose-phosphate; JS-8: d-glycero-α-d-manno-heptose-phosphate; JS-9: β-d-mannose phosphate; JS-6:d-glycero-β-d-manno heptose 1,7-biphosphate; JS-5: d-glycero-α-d-manno heptose 1,7-biphosphate.

FIGS. 10A-B. Effect of chemically synthesised analogues on human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T) encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene. NF-κB luciferase activity was measured in wild type (WT) or TIFA knockout (TIFA KO) cells treated with compounds in the presence of digitonin for 20 min, washed, and then cultured in normal medium without the synthetic compounds for 6 hrs after treatment, before luciferase activity was measured. (A) Cells were treated with 10 μg/mL of the indicated compound. Data are means±standard error mean of technical triplicates. (B) Cells were treated with two different molar concentrations of compound (30 μM or 150 μM). Two batches of DD-β-HBP and DD-β-HMP synthesized independently of one another were tested (batch #1 and batch #2) to assess consistency of the chemical synthesis. Data are means±standard error mean of technical triplicates and are representative of three independent experiments. JS-12: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose; JS-2: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate; JS-7:D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose-phosphate; JS-8: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose-phosphate; JS-9: β-D-mannose phosphate; JS-6:D-glycero-β-D-manno heptose 1,7-biphosphate; JS-5: D-glycero-α-D-manno heptose 1,7-biphosphate.

FIG. 11. Stimulation of human colonic epithelial cells by compounds/products according to the invention. Human colonic epithelial cells (HCT 116) that were either wild type (WT) or deficient in TIFA protein expression (knockout, KO) were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water or 10 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL, or 50 μg/mL of indicated synthetic compounds according to the invention. Treatment was removed, cells were washed, and cells were incubated for 6 hours in complete media before IL-8 levels in culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. The results are the mean±standard error of the mean of three technical replicates. JS-10: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate; JS-11: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose; JS-12: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose; Js-13: pH-Rhodo-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate.

FIG. 12. Effects of compounds/products according to the invention on HEK 293T cells encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene. HEK 293T cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter. After 24 hours, cells were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water or 10 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL, or 50 μg/mL of indicated synthetic compounds according to the invention. Treatment was removed; cells were washed and incubated for 6 hours incomplete medium. A luciferase assay was then performed. JS-12a control: D-glycero-D-manno heptose. The results are the means±standard error of the mean of three technical replicates. JS-10: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate; JS-11: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose; JS-12: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose; Js-13: pH-Rhodo-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate.

FIG. 13. Stimulation of human colonic epithelial cells by compounds/products according to the invention. Human colonic epithelial cells (HCT 116) that were either wild type (WT) or deficient in TIFA protein expression (knockout, TIFA KO) were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water, 20 μg/mL of the Nod1 agonist C12-iE-DAP (39.8 μM, which induces inflammation in a TIFA-independent manner) or 30 μM or 150 μM of synthetic compound according to the invention. Treatment was removed, cells were washed, and cells were incubated for 6 hours in complete media before IL-8 levels in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The results are the mean±standard error of the mean of two (150 μM treatment) or three (all other treatments) independent experiments. #=none detected, JS-10: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-d-glycero-β-d-manno-heptopyranose phosphate; JS-14: Biotin-7-O-(aminoethyl)-d-glycero-β-d-manno-heptopyranose phosphate, Nod1 agonist: C12-iE-DAP (20 μg/ml, 39.8 μM).

FIG. 14. Effects of compounds/products according to the invention on HEK 293T cells encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene. HEK 293T cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter. After 24 hours, cells were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water, or either 30 μM or 150 μM of indicated synthetic compounds according to the invention. Treatment was removed; cells were washed and incubated for 6 hours in complete medium. A luciferase assay was then performed. The results are the mean and standard error of the mean of three technical replicates and are representative of three independent experiments. JS-7: JS-7:D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose-phosphate; JS-10: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate; JS-14: Biotin-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate.

FIG. 15. Stimulation of human macrophages by compounds/products according to the invention. Human macrophage cells (THP-1) were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water, 39.8 μM of the Nod1 agonist C12-iE-DAP (which stimulates in a TIFA-independent manner), or either 30 μM or 150 μM of synthetic compound according to the invention. Treatment was removed, cells were washed, and cells were incubated for 6 hours in complete media before the IL-8 levels in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The results are the mean and standard error of the mean of three technical replicates. Nod1 agonist: C12-iE-DAP (20 μg/ml, 39.8 μM); JS-7: JS-7:D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose-phosphate; JS-10: 7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate; JS-14: Biotin-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate.

FIG. 16. Stimulation of human colonic epithelial cells by compounds/products according to the invention. Human colonic epithelial cells (HCT 116) that were either wild type (WT) or deficient in TIFA protein expression (knockout, TIFA KO) were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water, 20 μg/mL of the Nod1 agonist C12-iE-DAP (39.8 μM, which induces inflammation in a TIFA-independent manner) or 30 μM or 150 μM of synthetic compound according to the invention. Treatment was removed, cells were washed, and cells were incubated for 6 hours in complete media before IL-8 levels in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The results are the mean±standard error of three technical replicates. JS-24a: 7-O-([Biotin]-dPEG4-amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate; JS-25a: 7-O-([Fluorescein]-amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate, Nod1 agonist: C12-iE-DAP (20 μg/ml, 39.8 μM).

FIG. 17. Effects of compounds/products according to the invention on HEK 293T cells encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene. HEK 293T cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter. After 24 hours, cells were stimulated for 20 minutes in permeabilization buffer (5 μg/mL digitonin) in the presence of water, TNF-α (80 ng/mL) or either 30 μM or 150 μM of indicated synthetic compounds according to the invention. Treatment was removed; cells were washed and incubated for 5 hours in complete medium. A luciferase assay was then performed. The results are the mean±standard error of three technical replicates. JS-24a: 7-O-([Biotin]-dPEG4-amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate; JS-25a: 7-O-([Fluorescein]-amidoethyl)-D-Glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl phosphate.

ABBREVIATIONS

CRM: cross-reacting material (a genetic mutant of diphtheria toxin); HBP: heptose-1,7-biphosphate or D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose-1,7-β-phosphate; HMP-β: D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose-1β-phosphate (also named heptose-1-monophosphate or JS7); PAMP: pathogen associated molecular pattern; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Sup: supernatant; WT: wild type; TIFA: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain; TIFA KO: TIFA protein expression knockout.

Definitions

In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the terms used in the present specification, a number of definitions are provided below. Moreover, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms as used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one”, but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more”, “at least one”, and “one or more than one”. Similarly, the word “another” may mean at least a second or more.

As used herein, the wording “and/or” is intended to represent an inclusive-or. That is, “X and/or Y” is intended to mean X or Y or both, for example. As a further example, “X, Y, and/or Z” is intended to mean X or Y or Z or any combination thereof.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “include” and “includes”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contain” and “contains”), are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or process steps.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the terms “C₁₋₆» (or more generally “C_(x-y)”) means a chain containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (or more generally x to y carbon atoms), being saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, as permitted by the laws of organic chemistry, well understood by the person skilled in the art.

As used herein, the term “phosphorylated heptose compound” refers to a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms, wherein at least one hydroxyl group is replaced by a group comprising a phosphorus atom. For example, the term “mono-phosphorylated heptose compound” refers a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms, wherein one hydroxyl group is replaced by a group comprising a phosphorus atom. The term also refers to a derivative or an analogue of such compound.

As used herein, the term “label”, “marker” or “tag” refer to any molecule used in such a way as to attach a functional or diagnostic or other moiety to the molecule, such as but not limited to fluorescent tags, affinity tags, transfer factor, plasmids or lipids, in such a way that the bioactivity can be for example but not limited to followed, targeted, directed or modified or otherwise guided, analyzed or assessed.

As used herein, the term “modulate” in connection with an immune or inflammatory response refers to a qualitative or quantitative alteration in the immune or inflammatory response in a subject.

As used herein, the term “vaccine” or “vaccine composition” refers to a pharmaceutical composition containing an immunogen. The composition may be used for modulating an immune response in a subject. The term also refers to subunit vaccines, i.e., vaccine compositions containing immunogens which are separate and discrete from a whole organism with which the immunogen is associated in nature.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound medicinal molecule or reaction product sufficient to cure, alleviate or partially arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease and its complications in a therapeutic intervention comprising the administration of said compound or reaction product. An effective amount for each purpose will depend on the severity of the disease or injury as well as the weight and general state of the subject.

As used herein, the term “functional molecule” refers to a molecule that is administrable to a mammal for modulating or labeling a least one physiological parameter, marker or target in a cell, organ, biological system, organism or mammal.

In general, the methods of the present disclosure may be used to therapeutically or prophylactically treat any subjects for which increased activation of the immune system or an altered immune response would be beneficial. This includes, but is not restricted to a subject suffering from a condition which deleteriously affects the immune system, including any subjects at a heightened risk of infection or actually infected, for example due to surgery or imminent surgery, injury, illness, radiation or chemotherapy, and any subjects suffering from autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, cancers, and diseases which cause the normal metabolic immune response to be compromised, such as HIV (AIDS).

As used herein the terms “prevention” and “preventing” mean the management and care of a subject for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of a condition, such as a disease or disorder. The composition may be used for inducing or enhancing an immune response against a potential pathogen in a subject for blocking infection, delaying onset or decreasing transmission. The subject to be treated is preferably a mammal, in particular a human being.

As used herein the terms “treatment” and “treating” mean the management and care of a subject for the purpose of combating a condition, such as a disease or disorder. The term is intended to include the full spectrum of treatments for a given condition from which the patient is suffering, such administration of the active compounds to alleviate the symptoms or complications, to delay the progression of the condition, and/or to cure or eliminate the condition. The subject to be treated is preferably a mammal, in particular a human being.

As used herein, the term “subject” is understood as being any mammal including a human being treated with a compound of the invention.

Before the present invention is further described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described below, as variations of these embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the appended claims. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. Instead, the scope of the present invention will be established by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

The technology is directed to β-D-heptose-1-phosphate (HMP)-linker derivatives and molecule conjugates of β-D-heptose-1-phosphate (HMP) for modulating an immune response in a subject. Observation of biological activity of the HMP molecule was not at all expected based on prior art. Indeed, previous studies had indicated that loss of the 7-phosphate from the 1,7-biphosphate molecule eliminated activity. This observation of activity of the 1-phosphate (HMP) linker provides a unique opportunity to fully understand the scope of the immunomodulatory possibilities and provide a reproducible methodology that could provide milligram to gram quantities of a potentially valuable biological molecule. The proof of activity of the HMP creates two major advantages.

Firstly, the synthesis of the HMP is significantly simpler and likely more commercially realisable than that of the HBP. Secondly, this creates the potential opportunity to modify the 7-position of the HMP to link this immunomodulator to a huge variety of functional molecules whose processing and activity may be controlled and directed by conjugation to this PAMP-like molecule.

Experiments involved replacing the terminal OH group of the glycerol moiety in HMP with another chemical entity to introduce a linkage moiety, were carried out to facilitate the production of novel immunomodulatory compounds with improved protection and efficiency.

The inventors have identified phosphorylated heptose-derivatives useful for conjugating with a functional molecule and modulating their immunomodulatory activities thereof. These conjugates may be useful in modulating (i.e. enhancing or decreasing) an immune response in a subject or labeling the molecule in such a way that it may be followed, targeted, directed or modified or otherwise guided.

HMP-Linker

In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an HMP-linker compound of formula (I) or (a):

wherein R is a linkage moiety for conjugating with a functional molecule. Particularly, the resulting HMP-conjugate is capable of modulating an immune response in a subject.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-N₃, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-aryl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O-aryl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl,

-   -   wherein said —C₀₋₆alkyl-C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkyl,         C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkoxy, -aryl, C₀₋₆alkyl-O-aryl,         C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl is         optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl,         carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a         halo group;         or R is selected from the group consisting of: —C₁₋₆         alkyl-OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkyl-OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O-alkoxy, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃-aryl, —C₁₋₆         alkyl-OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl,     -   wherein said —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkyl-OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O-alkoxy, —C₁₋₆         alkyl-OPO₃-aryl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally         substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl,         carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a         halo group;         or a salt thereof.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —N₃, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, -aryl, —O-aryl, —C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkoxy, -aryl, —O-aryl, —C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl is optionally substituted with: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group;

or R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or a salt thereof.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of: —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein each of said —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl, and —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy or nitro group;

or R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein each of said CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, or nitro group; or a salt thereof.

In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an HMP-linker compound of formula (Ia):

wherein R is a linkage moiety for conjugating with a functional molecule. Particularly, the resulting HMP-conjugate is capable of modulating an immune response in a subject.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —N₃, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, -aryl, —O-aryl, —C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein each of said —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkoxy, -aryl, —O-aryl, —C₂₋₆-allyl, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl groups is optionally substituted with a: amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, or nitro group; or R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂PO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein each of said CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, or nitro group.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, the HMP-linker of formula (I) or (Ia) is substituted with an “R” group that may be selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂N₃, —CH₂OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂Oaryl, and —CH₂OC₂₋₆-allyl groups, wherein said —C(O)C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OC—₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂Oaryl, and —CH₂OC₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or a salt thereof. More particularly, the group R is: CH₂—CH₂CH₂—NH₂; —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)NH₂ or —CH₂N₃ or CH₂NH₂.

Additionally, it is possible to modify HMP via a phosphate residue, wherein R is CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl. wherein said CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl groups, is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl (alkoxycarbonyl), hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or a salt thereof.

More particularly, R is selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆alkyl-NH₂; —C₀₋₆ alkyl-C—O—C₀₋₆ alkyl-NH₂, —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C₀₋₆ alkyl-C(O)C₀₋₆ alkyl-NH₂, C₀₋₆alkyl-N₃. Most particularly, R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂—NH₂; —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)NH₂ and —N₃.

More particularly, R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂—NH₂; —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)NH₂ and —N₃.

According to a particular embodiment, the HMP-linker may be chosen from:

Conjugates

These conjugate-compounds (or conjugates) can now be targeted to the unique arm of the immune system that processes HMP/HBP, thus potentially enhancing the immunological impact of the conjugated functional molecule.

In accordance with a particular aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound comprising a functional molecule conjugated to a D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose 1β-phosphate (heptopyranose-1-monophosphate; HMP) moiety. In a particular embodiment, the functional molecule is conjugated at position-7 of HMP, or -2 of HMP. Particularly, the functional molecule is conjugated at position-7 of HMP.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, the invention provides a conjugate compound of formula (II) as defined herein, for use in targeting and/or modulating an immune response in a subject.

According to a particular embodiment, the conjugate-compound is defined by formula (IIa):

wherein X is a conjugated functional molecule.

Molecules for Conjugating to HMP-Linker

In accordance with a particular embodiment, the HMP-linker is conjugated to a functional molecule for modulating a host's immune response to this functional molecule. Particularly, the functional molecule is a protein (e.g. carrier proteins such as: CRM, protein D, or TT), polypeptide (e.g. Ova-specific peptide: CGGSIINFEKLTEWTSSNVMEER (SEQ ID No.1)), an antibody, a lipid (e.g. glycerolipid), a fatty acid (e.g. stearic acid or palmitic acid), a carbohydrate, a drug, a fluorescent tag, an affinity tag or a transfer factor molecule. Particularly, the functional molecule is an antigen, a biological response modifier (BRM, such as a hormone, immunogen, antibody, etc.) or a marker.

Alternatively, the functional molecule is a drug such as, for example, an anti-HIV drug including, but not limited to: Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), such as for example, abacavir (ziagen), efavirenz/emtriacitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (atripla), lamivudine/zidovudine (combivir), emtriacitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (complera), emtricitabine (emtriva), lamivudine (Epivir), abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom), zidovudine (Retrovir), abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir), emtricitabine/tenofovire disoproxil fumarate (Truvada), didanosine (Videx), didanosine extended release (Videx EC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread), stavudine (Zerit); Multiclass combination drugs: such as efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Atripla), emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Complera), elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Stribild), abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine (Triumeq); Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), such as, but not limited to: rilpivirine (Edurant), etravirine (Intelence), delavirdine mesylate (Rescriptor), efavirenz (Sustiva), nevirapine (Viramune), nevirapine extended-release (Viramune XR); Protease inhibitors (PI) suhc as, but not limited to: tipranavir (Aptivus), indinavir (Crixivan), atazanavir/cobicistat (Evotaz), saquinavir (Invirase), lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), fosamprenavir (Lexiva), ritonavir (Norvir), darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix), darunavir (Prezista), atazanavir (Reyataz), nelfinavir (Viracept); Entry inhibitors (including fusion inhibitors) such as, but not limited to: enfuvirtide (Fuzeon); Integrase inhibitors, such as, but not limited to: raltegravir (Isentress), dolutegravir (Tivicay), elvitegravir (Vitekta); Chemokine co-receptor antagonists (CCR5 antagonists), such as, for example: maraviroc (Selzentry); Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) inhibitors, such as, but not limited to: cobicistat (Tybost).

Some anti-HCV drugs, such as, for example: protease inhibitors (PI) approved for hepatitis C only are sometimes prescribed by doctors for HIV: simeprevir (Olysio), boceprevir (Victrelis), ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir (Viekira Pak).

The functional molecule that could be linked to HMP may include anti-cancer drugs, such as, but not limited to: Abiraterone, Alemtuzumab, Anastrozole, Aprepitant, Arsenic trioxide, Atezolizumab, Azacitidine, Bevacizumab, Bleomycin, Bortezomib, Cabazitaxel, Capecitabine, Carboplatin, Cetuximab, Chemotherapy drug combinations, Cisplatin, Crizotinib, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Denosumab, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Eribulin, Erlotinib, Etoposide, Everolimus, Exemestane, Filgrastim, Fluorouracil, Fulvestrant, Gemcitabine, HPV Vaccine, Imatinib, Imiquimod, Ipilimumab, Ixabepilone, Lapatinib, Lenalidomide, Letrozole, Leuprolide, Mesna, Methotrexate, Nivolumab, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Palonosetron, Pembrolizumab, Pemetrexed, Prednisone, Radium-223, Rituximab, Sipuleucel-T, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Talc Intrapleural, Tamoxifen, Temozolomide, Temsirolimus, Thalidomide, Trastuzumab, Vinorelbine, or Zoledronic acid.

Alternatively, the functional molecule is an antigen, more particularly a molecule that targets a cell differentiation antigen, such as a-specific binding partner for targeting the HMP moiety to a particular type of cells, be it cancer cells, immune cells, or cells of any particular organ or location in the body.

Antigen for Targeting Specific Cells

Particularly, when the conjugated functional molecule is a molecule that targets a cell differentiation antigen, such as a specific binding partner, this molecule may be used as a “magic bullet” to target the immunomodulatory HMP moiety to a particular type of cells, such as, for example, HIV reservoir cells.

Cleavage of HMP Moiety

Alternatively, once the conjugate has reached its desired cell-type, the HMP moiety may be cleaved from the conjugate to release the HMP moiety to the targeted cell type. For this to be achieved, the person skilled in the art will adapt the linkage-moiety to be used for cleavage to be carried out once the conjugate has reached the appropriate cell type and release the HMP immunomodulatory moiety.

Particularly, the cleavable linker can have cleavable unit that is a photocleavable, enzyme-cleavable or chemically-cleavable unit. For example, the cleavable linker can have a cleavable unit such as a disulfide (chemically cleavable), nitrobenzo (a photocleavable unit), or amine, amide or ester (enzyme-sensitive cleavable units). More particularly, the cleavable linker can be of the formula: X—S—S—Z, or, more particularly:

Immunogen

In accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention, the functional molecule conjugated to HMP is an immunogen, particularly an immunogen expressed by, or derived from, an infectious agent, such as for example an infectious bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens, including Gram-negative bacterial pathogens belonging to the genus Neisseria (including Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrohoeae), Escherichia (including Escherichia coli), Klebsiella (including Klebsiella pneumoniae), Salmonella (including Salmonella typhimurium), Shigella (including Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonner), Vibrio (including Vibrio cholerae), Helicobacter (including Helicobacter pylori), Pseudomonas (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Burkholderia (including Burkholderia multivorans), Haemophilus (including Haemophilus influenzae), Moraxella (including Moraxella catarrhalis), Bordetella (including Bordetella pertussis), Francisella (including Francisella tularensis), Pasteurella (including Pastourelle multocida), Legionella (including Legionella pneumophila), Borrelia (including Borrelia burgdorferi), Campylobacter (including Campylobacter jejuni), Yersinia (including Yersinia pestis and Yersinia enterocolitica), Rickettsie (including Rickettsia rickettsii), Treponema (including Treponema pallidum), Chlamydia (including Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae) and Brucella spp., and including Gram positive bacterial pathogens belonging to the genus Staphylococcus (including Staphylococcus aureus), Streptococcus (including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes), Listeria (including Listeria monocytogenes), Corynebacterium (including Corynebacterium diphtheriae), Enterococcus (including Enterococcus faecalis), Clostridium spp., and Mycobacterium (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium).

Immunogens may also be derived from pathogenic viruses including Adenoviridae (including Adenovirus), Herpesviridae (including Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex Viruses, Cytomegalovirus, or Varicella Zoster virus), Papillomviridae, Poxviridae (including Papillomavirus), Hepadnaviridae (including Hepatitis B virus), Parvoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae (including Coxsackievirus, Hepatitis A virus, Poliovirus), Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae (including Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus), Togaviridae (including Rubella virus), Hepeviridae, Retroviridae (including HIV), Orthomyxoviridae (including influenza virus, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae (including Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory Syncytial virus), Rhabdoviridae (including Rabies virus) or Reoviridae.

Immunogens may also be derived from pathogenic fungal infections including those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis, or Coccidioides. Vaccines may also target parasitic pathogens including Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma and Schistosoma.

The immunogen may be derived from a protein or other molecules expressed on or within the subject's own cells, such as a tumor-specific immunogen or cancer-specific immunogen, to stimulate an immune response against the pathogenic cells or tissues. In one embodiment, the HBP may be introduced directly into a tumor to increase the immune response against the tumor.

According to a particular embodiment, the HMP-immunogen conjugate of the invention can be administered as part of a vaccine formulation.

Markers or Labels

In accordance with a particular embodiment, the linker of the invention is conjugated to a marker, such as, for example, a label or a tag. Particularly, the marker or tag is chosen from fluorescent and/or enzymatic tags, such as but not limited to: biotin, rhodamine, fluorescein, CF tags, EvoBlue, rhodopsin, GFP, fluorescent red, fluorescent orange biotin or other labels such as, for example:

Atto Labels Carbohydrate Labels CF Dyes Fluorescein and Derivatives Fluorescent Red and Orange Labels - (17) Mega Labels Metal Complexes Other Fluorescent Labels Phycobili Proteins Rhodamine and Derivatives Tracy Labels (see www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/biochemicals/biochemical-products.html?TablePage=16187968)

Most particularly, the compound of formula (I) is chosen from:

Synthesis

In accordance with an alternative aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the synthesis of a compound of formula (I) comprising the steps of:

Compound 7 was synthesized as described in Sauvageau et al., Carbohydr. Res., 2017, 450, 38-43 [18]. In short:

-   -   a) the hydroxy of compound 7 was protected with a cyanoethyl         moiety before     -   b) hydroxylation of the double bond;     -   c) then the nitrile was reduced to the amine and was protected         with a P1 protecting group;     -   d) cleavage of the acetonide and P1 group followed by         acetylation gave acetylated compound 21;     -   e) after deprotection of the anomeric acetyl; and     -   f) phosphorylation;     -   g) the compound was globally deprotected to form JS10a;     -   j) conjugation to molecule X activated ester gave (IIa)         corresponding to a specific compound of formula (II).

A variety of linkers are synthesized to understand how the nature of the linker may impact the biological activity. With this knowledge, a vast array of functional molecules are appropriately attached to an HMP-linker to examine several aspects of this PAMP's interaction with the immune system and to augment and specifically target the linked entities processing within the immune system.

These can include but are not limited to, the identification of the receptor for HMP, an understanding of the processing of HMP, developing antibodies to HMP to follow the trafficking of the molecule, or targeting HMP to certain cells within the immune system by linking to a fluorescent moiety for example.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the preparation of a therapeutic conjugate having modulated immunomodulatory activity, the method comprising the step of: conjugating a functional molecule with a compound of formula (I) or (Ia) as defined herein.

The conjugates of the present invention can be synthesized via the synthesis of HMP that is significantly simpler and likely more commercially realisable than that of HBP.

Compound for Use and Uses

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a conjugate compound of formula (II) or (IIa) as defined herein, for use in targeting and/or modulating an immune response in a subject. Particularly, the ability to target the modulation of the immune response of the subject is useful for preventing, treating, ameliorating, or inhibiting an injury, disease, disorder or condition wherein the modulation of the immune response is beneficial.

According to a particular embodiment, the conjugate compound for use is carried out in the context of a vaccine for the treatment or prevention of disease.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a use of an effective amount of a conjugate, also called a compound of formula (II) or (IIa) as defined herein, for targeting and/or modulating an immune response in a subject. Particularly, the modulation of the immune response of the subject is useful for preventing, treating, ameliorating, or inhibiting an injury, disease, disorder or condition wherein the modulation of the immune response is beneficial.

According to a particular embodiment, the use of the compound is carried out in the context of a vaccine for the treatment or prevention of disease.

Alternatively, the use of the compound of formula (II) or (IIa as defined herein, is carried out for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating an immune response in a subject.

Particularly, in the context of the use of the conjugate of the invention, the immune response of the subject is enhanced. In this embodiment, the molecule conjugated to the HMP-linker is an antigen or an immunogen, more particularly chosen from cell-differentiation antigen, or antigens from cancer cells, bacteria, viruses or parasites.

More particularly, the immunogen used for embodying the invention is from Gram-negative bacteria, most particularly chosen from: Neisseria, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Haemophilus, Moraxella, Bordetella, Francisella, Pasteurella, Borrelia, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Rickettsia, Treponema, Chlamydia and Brucella.

Still more particularly, the immunogen useful for the invention is from Gram-positive bacteria, most particularly chosen from: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Mycobacterium.

Alternatively, the immunogen used for embodying the present invention is derived, or comes, from a virus, more particularly chosen from: Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomviridae, Poxviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Parvoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Hepeviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae and Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) viruses.

Still, according to an alternative embodiment, the immunogen is from a parasite, more particularly chosen from: Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma and Schistosoma.

Still, alternatively, the immunogen may originate from a cancer-specific antigen, more particularly some or all of the cancer-specific antigens listed in Table 1:

TABLE 1 (cancer-specific antigen useful for conjugating with HMP-linker Category Example Antigen Cancer Histology Oncofetal CEA Colorectal carcinoma Immature laminin receptor RCC TAG-72 Prostate carcinoma Oncoviral HPV E6, E7 Cervical carcinoma Overexpressed/accumulated BING-4 Melanoma Calcium-activated chloride Lung carcinoma channel 2 Cyclin-B₁ Multi 9D7 RCC Ep-CAM Breast carcinoma EphA3 Multi Her2/neu Multi Telomerase Multi Mesothelin Ductal pancreatic carcinoma SAP-1 Colorectal carcinoma Survivin Multi Cancer-Testis BAGE family Multi CAGE family Multi GAGE family Multi MAGE family Multi SAGE family Multi XAGE family Multi CT9, CT10 Multi NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 Multi PRAME Multi SSX-2 Melanoma, Multi Lineage Restricted Melan-A/MART-1 Melanoma Gp100/pmel17 Melanoma Tyrosinase Melanoma TRP-1/-2 Melanoma P.polypeptide Melanoma MC1R Melanoma Prostate-pecific antigen Prostate Mutated β-catenin Melanoma, Prostate, HCC BRCA1/2 Breast, ovarian carcinoma CDK4 Multi CML66 CML Fibronectin Multi MART-2 Melanoma p53 Multi Ras Multi TGF-βRII Colorectal carcinoma Posttranslationally altered MUC1 Ductal carcinoma, RCC Idiotypic Ig, TCR B, T leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma BRCA = breast cancer antigen; CDK4 = cyclin-dependent kinase-4; CEA = carcino-embryonic antigen; CML66 = chronic myelogenous leukemia (antigen) 66; CT = cancer testis; HPV = human papilloma virus; Ep-CAM = epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Ig = immunoglobulin; MART-1/-2 = melanoma antigen recognized by T cells-1/-2; MC1R = melanocortin-1-receptor; SAP-1 = stomach cancer-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase-1; TAG-72 = tumor antigen-72; TCR = T cell receptor; TGF-βRII = transforming growth factor-β receptor II; TRP = tyrosinase-related protein.

According to an alternative embodiment, there is provided a use of the conjugate compound of the invention, wherein the immune response of the subject is decreased, more particularly in the case where the immune response is provoked by an inflammatory response or an allergic reaction to a foreign element. In this case, the compound of the invention is conjugated with an immune-inhibitory molecule.

Method of Treatment or Prevention

In accordance with a further aspect, there is provided a method for modulating an immune response in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of formula (II) or (IIa) as defined herein to a subject suffering therefrom.

In accordance with a particular aspect, the modulation of immune response is necessary (or indicated or prescribed by a treating physician) for increasing an immune response to an infection caused by: bacteria, virus, or parasites, such as those defined herein above.

Alternatively, the modulation of immune response is necessary (or indicated or prescribed by a treating physician) for decreasing an immune response such as inflammation or an allergic reaction in a subject.

Particularly, the subject is a human.

In accordance with a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for the treatment of HIV comprising the steps of: administering an HMP-conjugated to an anti-HIV molecule, wherein the HMP moiety stimulates HIV latently-infected cells to start producing virus, and wherein the anti-HIV molecule kills the produced virus; whereby the HMP-anti-HIV conjugate eradicates the latent viral pool and treats the HIV infection.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment, there is provided a method for the treatment of HIV comprising the steps of: administering an HMP-conjugated to an HIV-reservoir cell-specific antigen binding partner to a subject, and treating said subject with an anti-HIV drug, wherein the conjugate-HMP moiety stimulates HIV latently-infected cells to start producing virus, and the anti-HIV drug kills the produced virus; whereby the HMP-anti-HIV conjugate eradicates the latent viral pool and treats the HIV infection.

Particularly, the anti-HIV molecule or drug is chosen from: Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), Multiclass inhibitors, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), Protease inhibitors (PI), Entry inhibitors, Chemokine co-receptor antagonists (CCR5 antagonists), Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) inhibitors. More particularly, the anti-HIV drug is as defined herein above.

The present invention is illustrated in further details by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1: Chemical Synthesis

The molecules where data were obtained from are depicted in boxes in Scheme 2 (also shown as FIG. 1B) (JS10a, JS11a, JS13a, JS14a, JS24a, JS25a). JS12a refers to D-glycero-D-manno heptose control.

[Methoxybenzyl-7-O-cyanoethyl-(Z)-5,6-dioxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-lyxo-hept-5-enofuranosid]uronate (16)

Previously co-evaporated compound 7 (523 mg, 1.6 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (7 mL) and cooled down to 0° C. Sodium hydride (270 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 6.7 mmol) was added in portions and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Bromoacetonitrile (500 μL, 2.4 mmol) was added dropwise to the solution still kept at 0° C. The reaction mixture turned slowly dark brown and was shown to be completed after 5 hours (Rf=0.5, ethyl acetate:hexane, 2:3, v:v). Methanol (5 ml) was added slowly on ice and the reaction mixture was warmed up. The reaction mixture was dissolved in DCM, washed with water and brine and the organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate. After concentration in vacuo, the compound was purifier using flash chromatography to give compound 16 in 88% yield (525 mg, 1.4 mmol). [α]²⁵=46.7 (c=0.01, CH₃Cl₃), ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=7.25 (J _(CHCCH2, CHCOMe)=8.6 Hz, d, 2H, CHCCH₂, PMB), 6.86 (J _(CHCOMe, CHCCH2) =8.7 Hz, d, 2H, CHCOMe, PMB), 5.99 (m, 1H, H5′), 5.82 (m, 1H, H6′), 5.09 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.73 (J_(H4′,H3′)=3.6 Hz, J_(H4′,H5′)=8.0 Hz, dd, 1H, H4′), 4.73 (J_(H3′,H2′)=5.7 Hz, J_(H3′,H4′)=3.9 Hz, dd, 1H, H3′), 4.63 (J_(H2′, H3′)=5.6 Hz, d, 1H, H2′), 4.62 (J_(CHA, CHB)=10.7 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHA, PMB), 4.44 (J_(CHB, CHA)=11.5 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHB, PMB), 4.24 (J_(H7A′,H6′)=1.4 Hz, ABX, 1H, H7A′), 4.23 (J_(H7B′,H6′)=1.4 Hz, J_(H7B′,H6′)=6.5 Hz, ABX, 1H, H7B′), 4.22 (s, 2H, CH₂CN), 3.77 (3H, m, CH₃O, PMB), 1.44 (3H, s, CH₃ COCH₂′,OCH₃), 1.28 (3H, s, CH₃ COCH₂′,OCH₃). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=159.6 (COMe, PMB), 130.0 (CHCCH₂ PMB), 129.7 (C, PMB and C5′), 128.4 (C6′), 116.2 (CN), 114.2 (CHCCH₂ PMB), 112.8 (C2′,3′MeO₂ C), 105.4 (C1′), 85.6 (C2′), 81.6 (C3′), 75.9 (C4′), 69.1 (CH₂PMB), 67.2 (C7′), 55.6 (OMe, PMB), 55.2 (CH₂CN), 26.3 and 25.0 (CH₃COCH₂′,OCH₃′). HRMS m/z Calcd for C₂₀H₂₅NO₆Na [M+Na]⁺ 398.1580, found 398.1586.

Methoxybenzyl-7-O-(cyanoethyl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glycero-α-D-manno heptofuranoside (17)

Alkene 16 (523 mg, 1.4 mmol) was stirred with NMMO (656 μL, 2.8 mmol, 50% in water) for 30 minutes at RT in acetone:dioxane:water (12 mL, 1:2:1, v:v:v). Then osmium tetraoxide (708 μL, 0.1 mmol, 4% in water) was added to the solution. The solution turned slowly yellow. After 5 hours, TLC monitoring showed that the reaction was completed (Rf=0.47 in ethyl acetate). The solution was diluted with DCM and was treated with ice cold HCL (5M) and then with 45% Na₂S₂O₅ and water. After drying the organic layer with MgSO₄, filtering and concentrating in vacuo, compound 16 was purified using flash chromatography. This afforded pure 17 in 57% yield (329 mg, 0.8 mmol). Rf=0.39 (Hexane:Ethyl acetate, 4:1, v:v). [α]_(D) ²⁵=63.1 (c=0.01, CH₃Cl₃), ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=7.25 (J _(CHCCH2, CHCOMe)=8.4 Hz, d, 2H, CHCCH₂, PMB), 6.87 (J _(CHCOMe, CHCCH2) =8.7 Hz, d, 2H, CHCOMe, PMB), 5.12 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.88 (J_(H3′,H2′)=5.9 Hz, J_(H3′,H4′)=3.9 Hz, dd, 1H, H3′), 4.63 (J_(H2′, H3′)=5.7 Hz, d, 1H, H2′), 4.59 (J_(CHA, CHB)=11.6 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHA, PMB), 4.43 (J_(CHB, CHA)=11.6 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHB, PMB), 4.34 (s, CH₂CN), 4.13 (J_(H4′,H3′)=3.6 Hz, J_(H4′,H5′)=7.1 Hz, dd, 1H, H4′), 4.05-3.98 (H5′, H6′), (J_(H7′,H6′)=2.4 Hz, J_(H7A′,H7B′)=9.8 Hz, dd, 1H, H7A′), 3.82-3.77 (4H, m, CH₃O, PMB and H7B′), 1.47 (3H, s, CH₃ COCH2′,OCH3), 1.31 (3H, s, CH₃ COCH2′,OCH3). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=159.8 (COMe, PMB), 130.0 (CHCCH₂ PMB), 129.5 (C PMB), 116.1 (CN), 114.3 (CHCCH₂ PMB), 113.1 (C2′,3′MeO₂ C), 105.7 (C1′), 85.0 (C2′), 80.8 (C3′), 79.4 (C4′), 72.9 (C7′), 72.6 (C6′), 70.5 (C5′), 69.3 (CH₂PMB), 57.2 (CH₂CN), 55.6 (OMe, PMB), 26.3 and 24.9 (CH₃COCH₂′,OCH₃′). HRMS m/z Calcd for C₂₀H₂₇NO₈Na [M+Na]⁺ 432.1634, found 432.16451.

Methoxybenzyl-7-O-(FMOC-aminoethyl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glycero-α-D-manno heptofuranoside (19)

Nitrile 17 (196 mg, 479 μmol) was coevaporated with toluene and then dissolved in THF (5 mL). To the mixture was added slowly borane-dimethyl sulfide (182 μL, 1.9 mmol). After 3 hours at 80° C., the solution was cooled at 0° C. and methanol was slowly added (5 mL). After 16 hours, the solution was concentrated in vacuo and the compound was dissolved in dioxane (1.3 mL) and a NaHCO₃ (sat. aq.) solution (2.6 mL). FMOCCl (258 mg, 1 mmol) was then added and the reaction was stirred for another 16 hours after which the solution was diluted using water and dichloromethane and the organic layer was washed with water and brine. After drying with MgSO₄ and concentrating the organic layer in vacuo, the compound was purifier using flash chromatography and afforded pure 19 in 61% yield over two steps (187 mg, 294 μmol). Rf=0.45 (Ethyl Acetate:Hexane, 4:1, v:v). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=7.76 (J_(Ha, Hc)=7.2 Hz, d, 2H, Ha, FMOC), 7.60 (J_(Hb, Hd)=7.7 Hz, d, 2H, Hb, FMOC), 7.39 (J_(Hc, Ha)=J_(Hc, Hd)=7.4 Hz, dd (apt), 2H, Hc, FMOC), 7.31 (J_(Hd, Hc)=J_(Hd, Hb)=7.4 Hz, dd (apt), 2H, Hd, FMOC), 7.23 (J _(CHCCH2, CHCOMe)=8.7 Hz, d, 2H, CHCCH₂, PMB), 6.86 (J _(CHCOMe, CHCCH2) =8.7 Hz, d, 2H, CHCOMe, PMB), 5.25 (NH), 5.12 (s, 1H, H1′), 4.89 (J_(H3′,H2′)=5.8 Hz, J_(H3′,H4′)=3.6 Hz, dd, 1H, H3′), 4.62 (J_(H2′, H3′)=5.9 Hz, d, 1H, H2′), 4.58 (J_(CHA, CHB)=11.4 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHA, PMB), 4.42 (J_(CHB, CHA)=11.6 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHB, PMB), 4.39 (m, 2H, ABX, Hf), 4.22 (m, 1H, He), 4.14 (J_(H4′,H3′)=3.6 Hz, J_(H4′,H5′)=7.3 Hz, dd, 1H, H4′), 4.05 (J_(H4′,H5′)=J_(H5′,H6′)=6.6 Hz, 1H, H5′), 3.95 (m, 1H, H6′), 3.79 (3H, s, CH₃O, PMB), 3.61 (m, 2H, H7′), 3.72 (m, 2H, CH₂ CH₂NH), 3.42 (m, 2H, CH₂ NH), 1.46 (3H, s, CH₃ COCH2′,OCH3), 1.30 (3H, s, CH ₃COCH2′,OCH3). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=159.8 (COMe, PMB), 144.3 (CH₂CHC), 141.6 (CH₂CHCC), 130.0 (CHCCH₂ PMB), 129.5 (C PMB), 128.0 (CHc), 127.4 (CHd), 125.4 (CHb), 120.3 (CHa), 114.3 (CHCCH₂ PMB), 113.0 (C2′,3′MeO₂ C), 105.6 (C1′), 85.1 (C2′), 80.8 (C3′), 79.4 (C4′), 72.5 (CH₂NH), 73.3 (C6′), 71.0 (C5′), 70.9 (C7′), 69.2 (CH₂PMB), 67.1 (Cf), 55.6 (OMe, PMB), 47.6 (Ce), 41.1 (CH₂NH), 26.3 and 24.8 (CH₃COCH2′,OCH3′). HRMS m/z Calcd for C₃₄H₃₉NO₁₄Na [M+Na]⁺ 658.2628, found 658.2696.

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-[7-O-(FMOC-aminoethyl)-D-glycero-3-D-manno-heptopyranosyl (21)

Compound 19 (60 mg, 94 μmol) was stirred with DCM (5 mL) and water (1 mL) at 0° C. TFA (5 mL) was then added and the reaction stirred for 3 hours. After completion was shown on TLC with (Rf=0, ethyl acetate), the reaction was concentrated and co-evaporated with toluene 6 times. The mixture was dissolved in anhydrous anhydrous pyridine (1 mL) and acetic anhydride (1 mL) and stirred for 16 hours at RT. DCM was added and the organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ (sat. aq.) until a neutral pH was reached and then washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo, the compound was columned using flash chromatography to obtain compound 21 (1:0.5, α:β) in 81% yield over two steps (53 mg, 77 μmol). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=7.76 (J_(Ha, Hc)=7.7 Hz, d, 2H, Ha, FMOC), 7.64 (m, 2H, Hb, FMOC), 7.40 (J_(Hc, Ha)=J_(Hc, Hd)=7.3 Hz, dd (apt), 2H, Hc, FMOC), 7.30 (m, 2H, Hd, FMOC), 6.06 (d, J_(H1′α,H2′α)=2.0 Hz, 1H, H1′α), 5.82 (bs, 1H, H1′β), 5.65 (NH), 5.51-5.44 (m, 2H, H4′α and H2β), 5.41 (J_(H4′β,H3′β)=J_(H4′β,H2′β)=9.9 Hz, dd (apt), 1H, H4′β), 5.32 (m, 1H, H3′α), 5.24 (J_(H2′α,H1′α)=2.2 Hz, J_(H2′α,H3′α)=3.3 Hz, dd, 1H, H2′α), 5.17-5.05 (m, 3H, H6′α, β and H3β), 4.42 (J_(HfA′,Hg)=7.3 Hz, J_(HfA′,HfB)=10.4 Hz, 1H, ABX, HfA), 4.32 (J_(HfB′,He′)=7.1 Hz, J_(HfB′,HfA′)=10.0 Hz, 1H, ABX, HfB), 4.22 (m, 1H, He), 4.08 (J_(H5′α, H4′α)=9.9 Hz, J_(H5′α,H6′α)=2.6 Hz, dd, H5′α), 3.88-3.73 (m, 1H, H7′A, H5β), 3.62 (m, 1H, H7′B), 3.53 (m, 2H, CH₂ CH₂NH), 3.41 (m, 2H, CH₂ NH), 2.2-1.9 (CH₃). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=171.4, 170.5, 170.4, 170.3, 170.2, 170.1, 169.8, 168.7, 168.4 (C(O)CH₃), 156.9 (OC(O)), 144.4, 144.3 (CH₂CHC×2), 141.6 (CH₂CHCC×2), 128.0 (CHc×2), 127.4 (CHd×2), 125.5 (CHb), 120.3 (CHa×2), 90.7 (C1′α), 90.8 (C1′), 74.8 (C5′β), 72.4 (C5′α), 71.1-70.7 (C3′β, C6′α, C6′β, CH₂CH₂NH), 69.3 (C3′α), 68.6 (C2′α), 68.5-68.1 (C7′ and C2′β), 67.1 (Cf), 66.7 (C4′α), 66.6 (C4′β), 47.7 (He), 41.1 (CH₂NH), 21.3-20.8 (CH₃). HRMS m/z Calcd for C₃₄H₃₉NO₁₄Na [M+Na]⁺ 708.2268, found 708.22804.

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-[7-O-(FMOC-aminoethyl)-D-glycero-3-D-manno-heptopyranosyl (22)

Compound 21 (52.7 mg, 77 μmol) was dissolved into DCM (200 μL) and to this was added acetic acid (100 μL) and HBR in acetic acid (500 μL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred for 16 hours at RT after which TLC monitoring showed that the reaction was to completion (Rf=0.7, diethylether). The mixture was then poured into iced water and extracted with DCM, washed with NaHCO₃ (sat. aqueous) and water. After this, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with NaHCO₃ (sat. aq.) and water, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The bromide was dissolved in DCM (2 mL) and water was added (2 mL) as well as silver triflate (40 mg, 155 μmol) and silver carbonate (41 mg, 149 μmol). The bromide was hydrolyzed overnight, diluted with DCM and washed with water. The DCM layer was partitioned, dried with MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatography afforded compound 22 in 56% yield (27.5 mg, 43 μmol). HRMS m/z Calcd for C₃₂H₃₇NO₁₃Na [M+Na]⁺ 666.2163, found 666.2164.

Diphenyl (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-[7-O-(FMOC-aminoethyl)-D-glycero-3-D-manno-heptopyranosyl) phosphate (23β)

Compound 22 (27.5 mg, 43 μmol) was coevaporated using toluene and dried under vacuum overnight. After 16 hours, 22 was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (1 mL) and DMAP (25.4 mg, 210 μmol) was added. Phosphoryl chloride (155 μL, 845 μmol) was also coevaporated with toluene and was dissolved into DCM (1 mL) and using a syringe pump, dropped at a rate of 0.5 mL/h over 2 hours under N₂, the reaction was to completion after 5 hours. The reaction was diluted with DCM and washed with TEAB buffer (until a basic pH was reached), water and brine. The organic layer was then dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography using hexane: diethyl ether gave title compound 23β in 28% yield (10.7 mg, 12 μmol, α:β, 3:2). ¹H NMR, (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=7.76 (J_(Ha, Hc)=7.7 Hz, d, Ha, FMOC), 7.64 (J_(Hb, Hd)=7.3 Hz, d, Hb, FMOC), 7.40-7.27 (m, 10H, Hc and Hd FMOC and Ph), 7.24-7.15 (m, 4H, Ph), 5.76 (m, NH), 5.65 (J_(H1′,P)=6.8 Hz, dd, 1H, H1′), 5.46 (m, 1H, H2′), 5.37 (J_(H4′,H′)=J_(H4′,H5′)=9.3 Hz, dd (apt), 1H, H4′), 5.19 (m, 1H, H6′), 5.05 (J_(H3′, H2′)=3.1 Hz, J_(H3′, H4′)=8.6 Hz, dd, 1H, H3′), 4.42 (J_(HfA,B′,Hg′)=7.1 Hz, J_(HfA′,HfB′)=10.9 Hz, ABX, Hf), 4.21 (J_(Hg′,HfA′)=J_(Hg′,HfB′)=7.1 Hz, ABX, Hg), 3.90 (J_(H5′, H6′)=4.8 Hz, J_(H5′,H4′)=9.1 Hz, dd, 1H, H5′), 3.69 (J_(H7A′,H6′)=4.7 Hz, J_(H7A′,H7B′)=10.4 Hz, ABX, H7A′), 3.56 (J_(H7B′,H6′)=5.5 Hz, J_(H7B′,H7A′)=10.7 Hz, ABX, H7B′), 3.52 (m, ABX, 1H, CHACH₂NH), 3.43 (m, ABX, 1H, CHBCH₂NH), 3.38 (m, 2H, CH₂ NH), 2.10, 2.09, 2.06, 1.97 (CH₃). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=170.4, 170.1, 170.0 (C(O)CH₃), 157.0 (OC(O)), 150.7, 150.3 (CO,Ph×2), 144.4, 144.3 (CH₂CHC×2), 141.7 (CH₂CHCC×2), 130.3, 130.1 (CHOPh), 128.0 (CHc×2), 127.4 (CHd×2), 126.2, 126.1 (CHOPh), 125.6, 125.5 (CHb), 120.6, 120.5 (CHOPh), 120.3 (CHa×2), 95.2 (²J_(31P, C1′)=5.0 Hz, C1′), 74.2 (C5′), 70.8 (C6′), 70.6 (CH₂CH₂NH), 70.3 (C3′), 68.2 (C7′), 68.1 (³J_(31P, C2′)=9.2 Hz, C2′), 67.1 (Cf), 66.6 (C4′), 47.7 (He), 41.1 (CH₂NH), 21.3, 21.2, 20.9, 20.8 (CH₃). J_(C1′, H1′)=170 Hz. ³¹P NMR (242 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −14.0. HRMS m/z Calcd for C₄₄H₄₆NO₁₋₆PNa [M+Na]⁺ 898.2452, found 893.2485.

7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate (JS10a)

Compound 23β (7.7 mg, 8.8 μmol) was stirred in anhydrous methanol at RT with PtO₂ under balloon pressure for 48 hours. When activated, the brown PtO₂ turns to black. After filtration over celite and concentration, the compound was dissolved into methanol:water:triethylamine (7:3:1, v:v:v) at a pH of 11 for 4 hours after which it was concentrated and freeze dried over water. Purification on a desalting column (G-10) and exchanging the triethylamine ions for sodium ions gave compound JS10a in 30% yield (0.9 mg, 2.6 μmol). ¹H NMR, (600 MHz, D₂O) δ=5.05 (J_(H1′,P)=8.7 Hz, d, 1H, H1′), 4.13 (m, 1H, H6′), 3.99 (J_(H2′,H3′)=2.8 Hz, d, 1H, H2′), 3.87-3.73 (m, 4H, H7′ and CH₂CH₂NH₂), 3.68 (J_(H3′,H2′)=3.1 Hz, J_(H3′,H4′)=9.7 Hz, dd, 1H, H3′), 3.65 (J_(H4′,H3′)=J_(H4∝,H5′)=9.8 Hz, dd (apt), 1H, H4′), 3.52 (J_(H5′,H6′)=2.9 Hz, J_(H5′,H4′)=9.6 Hz, dd, 1H, H5′), 3.21 (J_(CH2,OCH2A)=J_(CH2,OCH2A)=5 Hz, apt, 1H, CH₂ NH₂). ¹³C NMR (from HSQC, D₂O) δ=93.3 (C1′), 77.2 (C5′), 72.8 (CH3′), 71.2 (C2′), 70.2 (C7′), 69.2 (C6′), 67.4 (C4′), 66.7 (CH₂CH₂NH), 38.9 (CH₂NH₂). MS m/z Calcd for C₉H₁₉NO₁₀P [M−H]⁻ 332.0752, found 332.0758.

7-O-(Aminoethyl)-D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose (JS11a)

Compound 19 (60.5 mg, 95 μmol) was treated with DCM, TFA and water (5:5:1, v:v:v). After 1 hour, the compound was concentrated and purified using reverse phase. The FMOC protected compound was then dissolved into DMF (800 μL) and piperidin (200 μL). After an hour, the compound was concentrated in vacuo and few drops of HCl (5 M) were added to the compound and it was desalted on a G-10 column. Pure JS11a was obtained in 51% overall yield (12.4 mg, 49.0 μmol). ¹H NMR, (600 MHz, D₂O) δ=5.16 (J_(H1′α, H2′α)=1.7 Hz, d, 1H, H1′α), 4.87 (J_(H1′β, H2′β)=1.1 Hz, d, 1H, H1′β), 4.22-4.17 (m, 2H, H5′α and H5′β), 3.94 (J_(H2′β,H3′β)=3.2 Hz, J_(H2′β, H1′β)=1.0 Hz, d, 1H, H2′β), 3.92 (J_(H2′α,H3′α)=3.3 Hz, J_(H2′α,H1α′)=2.0 Hz, dd, 1H, H2′α), 3.90 (J_(H5′α,H6′α)=3.0 Hz, J_(H5′α,H4α′)=9.6 Hz, dd, 1H, H5′α), 3.84-3.77 (m, 5H, H3′α, H7A′, CH₂CH₂NH₂), 3.75 (J_(H4′α,H3′α) =J_(H4′α,H5′α)=9.7 Hz, dd (apt), 1H, H4′α), 3.73-3.67 (H7B′, H4′β), 3.64 (J_(H4′β,H3′β)=3.2 J_(H4′β,H5′β)=9.4 Hz, dd (apt), 1H, H4′β), 3.46 (J_(H5′β, H6′β)=3.0 Hz, J_(H5′β, H4′β)=9.5 Hz, dd, 1H, H5′β), 3.24 (J_(CH2,OCH2A)=J_(CH2,OCH2B)=5.4 Hz, apt, 1H, CH₂ NH₂). ¹³C NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ=94.0 (C1′α), 93.8 (C1′β), 76.6 (C5′β), 73.2 (C3′β), 72.6 (C5′α), 71.0 (C3′β and C7′α), 70.7 (C7′β), 70.5 (C2′α and C3′α), 70.0 (C6′α), 69.8 (C6′β), 67.4 (C4′α), 67.2 (C4′β), 66.6 (CH₂CH₂NH), 38.2 (CH₂NH₂). HRMS m/z Calcd for C₉H₁₉NO₇Na [M+Na]⁺ 276.1059, found 276.1068.

D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose (JS12a)

JS12a was synthesized as described by Brimacombe et al. [9, 10]

pH-Rhodo-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate (JS13a)

JS10a (700 μg) was dissolved in PBS×1 (100 μL) and pH-Rhodo activated ester (1 mg in 100 μL DMSO) was added to the mixture. After 24 hours, the DMSO the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and JS12a was purified using reverse phase. LRMS and HPLC showed that JS13a was only present at a ratio of 6% in the mixture and was tested according to this. ¹H NMR, (500 MHz, D₂O) δ=7.39, 7.30, 7.28, 7.09, 7.02, 6.90, 6.88, 6.48, 5.06, 5.04, 4.18, 4.17, 4.16, 4.00, 3.86, 3.73, 3.70, 3.69, 3.68, 3.67, 3.66, 3.64, 3.42, 3.36, 3.35, 3.15, 2.73, 2.68, 2.35, 2.34, 2.32, 2.01, 1.92, 1.85, 1.83, 1.49, 4.48, 1.41, 1.38, 1.36, 1.34, 1.30, 1.29, 1.27, 1.26, 1.22, 1.13, 1.12, 1.10, 0.88. LRMS m/z Calcd for C₄₁H₆₀N₅O₁₃P [M+H]⁺ 861.39, found 861.55.

Biotin-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-(3-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate (JS14a)

JS10a (7.2 mg, 21 μmol) was dissolved in water (1 mL) and (+)-Biotin N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (22 mg, 64 μmol in 600 μL DMF) was added to the mixture as well as one drop of Et₃N. After 24 hours, the reaction was completed (TLC, rf=0.32. 5:7:2:2, CHCl₃:MeOH:Water:NH₄OH). Water was added and the water layer was washed three times with ethyl acetate. After the water layer was concentrated and dissolved in brine. This solution was purified on a G-10 column to obtain 2.5 mg (4.5 μmol) of JS14a in 21% yield. ¹H NMR, (500 MHz, D₂O) δ=5.11 (J_(H1′,P)=9.0 Hz, d, 1H, H1′), 4.62 (m, 1H, CHCH₂S), 4.43 (m, 1H, CHCHS), 4.17 (m, 1H, H6′), 4.00 (m, 1H, H2′), 3.79 (m, 1H, H7′A), 3.74-3.62 (m, 6H, H7′B, CH₂ CH₂NH₂, H3′, H4′), 3.49 (m, 1H, H5′), 3.41 (m, 1H, CH₂ NH₂), 3.35 (m, 1H, CHS), 3.01 (J_(HA, CHNH)=4.8 Hz, J_(HA,HB)=13.1 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHAHBS), 2.79 (J_(HB, CHNH)=3.6 Hz, J_(HB,HA)=15.0 Hz, ABX, 1H, CHAHBS), 2.29 (J_(CH2C(O), CH2CH2C(O))=7.3 Hz, 2H, CH₂ C(O)), 1.8-1.5 (m, 4H, CH ₂CH₂C(O) and CH ₂CHS), 1.40 (m, 2H, CH₂ CH₂CH₂C(O)). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, D₂O) δ=177.1 (C(O)CH₂), 95.6 (²J_(31P, C1′)=4.4 Hz, d, C1′), 77.4 (C5′), 72.7 (C3′), 70.9 (³J_(31P, C2′), =6.8 Hz, d, C2′), 70.6 (C7′), 69.9 (C6′), 69.3 (CH₂CH₂NH₂), 66.9 (C4′), 62.2 (CHCHS), 60.4 (CHCH₂S), 55.4 (CHS), 39.7 (CH₂S), 39.0 (CH₂NH₂), 35.5 (CH₂C(O)), 27.9 (CH₂CH₂CH₂C(O)), 27.7 (CH₂CHS), 25.1 (CH₂CH₂C(O)). LRMS m/z Calc'd for C₁₉H₃₅N₃O₁₂PS [M+H]⁺, 560.1679, found 560.31.

Biotin-PEG4-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate (JS24a)

JS10a (4.1 mg, 12 μmol) was dissolved in water (1 mL) and Biotin-dPEG4-TFP ester (35 mg, 55 μmol in 200 μL DMF) was added to the mixture. After 24 hours, the reaction was not completed. At this point, 100 μL of sat. NaHCO3 was added and after 3 hours the reaction was shown to be completed (TLC, rf=0.32. 5:7:2:2, CHCl₃:MeOH:Water:NH4OH). The solvents were then evaporated, and the reaction mixture purified on a Biogel P-2 column. 4.8 mg (5.9 μmol) of JS24a was obtained with 50% yield. 1H NMR, (600 MHz, D2O) δ=5.05, 4.62, 4.44, 4.14, 4.00, 3.79, 3.69, 3.48, 3.40, 3.34, 3.00, 2.78, 2.57, 2.30, 1.65, 1.41 LRMS m/z Calc'd for C30H54N4O17PS [M+H]+, 805.29, found 805.19.

Fluorescein-7-O-(aminoethyl)-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptopyranose phosphate (JS25a)

JS10a (1.5 mg, 4.5 μmol) was dissolved in water (1 mL) and fluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (5 mg, 8.5 μmol in 200 μL DMF) was added to the mixture. After 24 hours, the reaction did not seem to completion and 100 μL of sat. NaHCO3 was added. Then after 3 hours, the reaction was completed (TLC, rf=0.50. 5:7:2:2, CHCl₃:MeOH:Water:NH₄OH). The DMF and water was then evaporated on a Genevac personal evaporator. The compound was then purified on a biogel P-2 column to obtain 1.6 mg (2.2 μmol) of JS25a in 40% yield. ¹H NMR, (600 MHz, D2O) δ=8.26, 8.00, 7.62, 7.45, 7.26, 6.90, 6.82, 5.13, 4.17, 4.11, 4.00, 3.77, 3.66, 3.54, 3.47, 3.39, 3.32, 3.28, 2.92, 2.32, 2.24, 1.69, 1.61, 1.44, 1.34. LRMS m/z Calc'd for C36H40N2O17P [M−H]−, 803.69, found 803.17.

Example 2: In Vitro Biological Testing

Immunomodulatory activity was illustrated for compounds JS10a, JS13a, JS14a, JS24a and JS25a according to the data obtained from the experiments highlighted by FIGS. 9-17.

The data presented in FIG. 9 show that chemically synthesized DD-β-HMP (JS7) elicits an inflammatory response similar to that apparent with DD-β-HBP (JS6) when administered to human colonic epithelial cells (HCT 116). The relative absence of activity in cells that lack TIFA (TIFA KO) demonstrates that the activity of both compounds is TIFA-dependent.

The data presented in FIG. 10 shows that chemically synthesized DD-β-HMP (JS7) elicits an inflammatory NF-κB response similar to that apparent with DD-β-HBP (JS6) when administered to human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). The relative absence of activity in cells that lack TIFA (TIFA KO) demonstrates that the activity of both compounds is TIFA-dependent.

The data presented in FIG. 11 show that JS-10a elicits a modest inflammatory response whereas JS-13a elicits a strong inflammatory response when administered to human colonic epithelial cells (HCT 116). The relative absence of activity in TIFA KO cells demonstrates that the activity of both compounds is TIFA-dependent.

The data presented in FIG. 12 show that JS-10a elicits a modest inflammatory response whereas JS-13a elicits a strong inflammatory response when administered to human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). The relative absence of activity in TIFA KO cells demonstrates that the activity of both compounds is TIFA-dependent.

The data presented in FIG. 13 indicate that JS-10a and JS-14a activate similar inflammatory responses when administered to HCT 116 colonic epithelial cells. The relative absence of activity in TIFA KO cells indicate that this activity is TIFA-dependent. The Nod1 agonist activates a similar response but it is not TIFA-dependent.

The data presented in FIG. 14 indicate that JS-10a and JS-14a activate similar NF-κB responses when administered to HEK 293 human embryonic kidney cells encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter. The relative absence of activity in TIFA KO cells indicate that this activity is TIFA-dependent. HMP (JS7) is included for comparison of the mono-phosphate with and without a linker at the 7-position.

The data presented in FIG. 15 indicate that JS-10a and JS-14a both stimulate an inflammatory response when higher (150 μM) concentrations are administered to THP-1 human monocytes. HMP (JS7) is included for comparison of the mono-phosphate with and without a linker at the 7-position.

The data presented in FIG. 16 indicate that JS-24a and JS-25a activate similar inflammatory responses when administered to HCT 116 colonic epithelial cells. The relative absence of activity in TIFA KO cells indicate that this activity is TIFA-dependent. The Nod1 agonist activates a similar response but it is not TIFA-dependent.

The data presented in FIG. 17 indicate that JS-24a and JS-25a activate similar NF-κB responses when administered to HEK 293 human embryonic kidney cells encoding an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter. The relative absence of activity in TIFA KO cells indicate that this activity is TIFA-dependent.

Example 3: Additional HMP-Linkers

Additional compounds (JS 15 to JS19) can be synthesized according to standard techniques such as those described in Li et al., Carbohydrate Research, 2016, 432, 71-75 and Li et al. Organic letters, 2014, 16, 5628-5631.

For example, other compounds of formula (I) or (Ia):

can be synthesized, where the R group may be any linkage moiety for conjugating with a molecule, and the resulting conjugate compound is capable of targeting and/or modulating an immune response thereof.

Particularly, the R group can be selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-N₃, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-aryl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O-aryl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said —C₀₋₆alkyl-C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkoxy, -aryl, C₀₋₆alkyl-O-aryl, C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group;

or R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂PO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂OPO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, CH₂PO₃-aryl, CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group.

More particularly, the R group can be selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—NH₂; —C(O)OH; —C(O)H; —N₃; -lower alkyl or —O-lower alkyl groups containing 1-6 saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms; and -aryl, —O-aryl, —O-allyl or -allyl groups having 2-6 carbon atoms; wherein such alkyl, —O-alkyl, aryl, —O-aryl, -allyl or —O-allyl groups may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with: halo, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, or amino groups; or with a hydroxy, an amino or a halo group.

Additionally, it is possible to modify HMP via a phosphate residue, wherein R is COPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —COPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —COPO₃—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, —COPO₃-aryl, —COPO₃-aryl, —COPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl. More particularly, the compounds of formula (I) as defined herein can be synthesized according to standard techniques, particularly according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,462.

The present invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments found or proposed by the present inventor to comprise preferred modes for the practice of the invention. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that, in light of the present disclosure, numerous modifications and changes can be made in the particular embodiments exemplified without departing from the intended scope of the invention. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in their entirety.

REFERENCES

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1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R is a linkage moiety for conjugating with a functional molecule, and Y is H or an alkali metal.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is Na.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein: R is selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-N₃, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-aryl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O-aryl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said —C₀₋₆alkyl-C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkoxy, -aryl, C₀₋₆alkyl-O-aryl, C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or R is selected from the group consisting of: —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O-alkoxy, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃-aryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O-alkoxy, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃-aryl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl-OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or R is selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —N₃, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, -aryl, —O-aryl, —C₂₋₆ allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl; wherein said —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkoxy, -aryl, —O-aryl, —C₂₋₆ allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆ allyl is optionally substituted with: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or R is selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₂—C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, —CH₂OPO₂-aryl, and —CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein said —CH₂OPO₂C(O)C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆—O alkoxy, —CH₂OPO₃-aryl, —CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆ allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, acyloxy, alkoxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, or a halo group; or a salt thereof.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein: R is selected from the group consisting of: —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl groups, and —O—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein each of said —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₀₋₆alkyl-C₂₋₆-allyl, and —C₀₋₆alkyl-O—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy or nitro group; or R is selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O-alkoxy, —CH₂OPO₃-aryl, and —CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl, wherein each of said —CH₂OPO₃C(O)—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CH₂OPO₃—C₁₋₆—O-alkoxy, —CH₂OPO₃-aryl, —CH₂OPO₃—C₂₋₆-allyl group is optionally substituted with a: amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, or nitro group; or a salt thereof.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆alkyl-NH₂, —C₀₋₆ alkyl-C—O—C₀₋₆ alkyl-NH₂, —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C₀₋₆ alkyl-C(O)C₀₋₆ alkyl-NH₂, and —C₀₋₆alkyl-N₃.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: CH₂—NH₂; —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —C(O)NH₂ and —N₃.
 8. The compound of claim 7, selected from the group consisting of:


9. A compound comprising a functional molecule conjugated to a D-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose is-phosphate (heptopyranose-1-monophosphate; HMP) moiety, wherein: the compound is of formula (II)

wherein X is the functional molecule and Y is H or an alkali metal; or the compound is of formula (IIa)

wherein X is the functional molecule. 10.-12. (canceled)
 13. The compound of claim 9, wherein the functional molecule is selected from the group consisting of a: protein, polypeptide, antibody, lipid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, drug, transfer factor and marker. 14.-16. (canceled)
 17. The compound of claim 9, wherein the functional molecule is an antigen derived from an immune cell; an immunogen derived from a bacterium, a virus, or a parasite; or a cancer-specific antigen. 18.-20. (canceled)
 21. The compound of claim 17, wherein: the immunogen is from a Gram-negative bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Neisseria, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio: Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Haemophilus, Moraxella, Bordetella, Francisella, Pasteurella, Borrelia, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Rickettsia, Treponema, Chlamydia and Brucella; or the immunogen is from a Gram-positive bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Listeria: Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Mycobacterium, or the immunogen is from a virus selected from the group consisting of: Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomviridae, Poxviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Parvoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Hepeviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV); or the immunogen is from a parasite selected from the groups consisting of: Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma and Schistosoma. 22.-27. (canceled)
 28. The compound of claim 9, wherein the functional molecule is a cancer-specific antigen binding partner.
 29. The compound of claim 13, wherein the functional molecule is an anti-cancer drug or an anti-viral drug.
 30. The compound of claim 29, wherein the anti-cancer drug is selected from the group consisting of: Abiraterone, Alemtuzumab, Anastrozole, Aprepitant, Arsenic trioxide, Atezolizumab, Azacitidine, Bevacizumab, Bleomycin, Bortezomib, Cabazitaxel, Capecitabine, Carboplatin, Cetuximab, Chemotherapy drug combinations, Cisplatin, Crizotinib, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Denosumab, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Eribulin, Erlotinib, Etoposide, Everolimus, Exemestane, Filgrastim, Fluorouracil, Fulvestrant, Gemcitabine, HPV Vaccine, Imatinib, Imiquimod, Ipilimumab, Ixabepilone, Lapatinib, Lenalidomide, Letrozole, Leuprolide, Mesna, Methotrexate, Nivolumab, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Palonosetron, Pembrolizumab, Pemetrexed, Prednisone, Radium-223, Rituximab, Sipuleucel-T, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Talc Intrapleural, Tamoxifen, Temozolomide, Temsirolimus, Thalidomide, Trastuzumab, Vinorelbine, and Zoledronic acid.
 31. The compound of claim 29, wherein the functional molecule is an anti-HIV drug.
 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein the anti-HIV drug is selected from the group consisting of: a Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), a Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), a protease inhibitor (PI), an Entry inhibitor, a Chemokine co-receptor antagonist (CCR5 antagonist), a Multiclass combination drug and a Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) inhibitor.
 33. The compound of claim 32, wherein: the Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) is selected from the group consisting of: abacavir (ziagen), efavirenz/emtriacitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (atripla), lamivudine/zidovudine (combivir), emtriacitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (complera), emtricitabine (emtriva), lamivudine (Epivir), abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom), zidovudine (Retrovir), abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir), emtricitabine/tenofovire disoproxil fumarate (Truvada), didanosine (Videx), didanosine extended release (Videx EC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) and stavudine (Zerit); the Multiclass combination drug is selected from the group consisting of: efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Atripla), emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Complera), elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Stribild), and abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine (Triumeq); the Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) drug is selected from the group consisting of: rilpivirine (Edurant), etravirine (Intelence), delavirdine mesylate (Rescriptor), efavirenz (Sustiva), nevirapine (Viramune) and nevirapine extended-release (Viramune XR): the protease inhibitor (PI) drug is selected from the group consisting of: tipranavir (Aptivus), indinavir (Crixivan), atazanavir/cobicistat (Evotaz), saquinavir (Invirase), lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), fosamprenavir (Lexiva), ritonavir (Norvir), darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix), darunavir (Prezista), atazanavir (Reyataz) and nelfinavir (Viracept); the entry inhibitor drug is enfuvirtide (Fuzeon); the integrase inhibitor drug is selected from the group consisting of: raltegravir (Isentress), dolutegravir (Tivicay) and elvitegravir (Vitekta), the chemokine co-receptor (CCR5) antagonist is maraviroc (Selzentry); or the anti-viral drug is selected from the group consisting of: simeprevir (Olysio), boceprevir (Victrelis), and ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir (Viekira Pak). 34.-54. (canceled)
 55. A method for modulating an immune response in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of claim
 9. 56.-61. (canceled)
 62. A method for the treatment of HIV comprising administering to a subject the compound of claim 31, wherein the HMP moiety stimulates HIV latently-infected cells to start producing virus and the anti-HIV drug kills the produced virus.
 63. A method for the treatment of HIV comprising the steps of: administering to a subject a compound comprising an HMP-derivative conjugated to an HIV-reservoir cell-specific targeting molecule, wherein the conjugate-HMP moiety stimulates HIV latently-infected cells to start producing virus, and administering to the subject an effective dose of an anti-HIV drug to kill the produced virus.
 64. (canceled)
 65. A method for synthesizing the compound of claim 9, the method comprising the steps of:


66. The compound of claim 28, wherein the cancer-specific antigen is selected from the group consisting of: CEA Immature laminin receptor NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 TAG-72 PRAME HPV E6, E7, SSX-2, BING-4 Calcium-activated chloride channel 2 Cyclin-B₁ 9D7 Ep-CAM EphA3 BAGE family Her2/neu CAGE family Telomerase GAGE family Mesothelin MAGE family SAP-1 SAGE family Survivin, XAGE family, BRCA1/2 CDK4 Melan-A/MART-1 CML66 Gp100/pmel17 Fibronectin Tyrosinase MART-2 TRP-1/-2 p53 P.polypeptide Ras MC1R TGF-βRII Prostate-pecific antigen MUC1 β-catenin, Ig, TCR BRCA = breast cancer antigen, CDK4 = cyclin-dependent kinase-4; CEA = carcino-embryonic antigen; CML66 = chronic myelogenous leukemia (antigen) 66; CT = cancer testis; HPV = human papilloma virus; Ep-CAM = epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Ig = immunoglobulin; MART-1/-2 = melanoma antigen recognized by T cells-1/-2; MC1R = melanocortin-1-receptor; SAP-1 = stomach cancer-associated protein tyrosin phosphatase-1; TAG-72 = tumor antigen-72; TCR = T cell receptor; TGF-βRII = transforming growth factor-β receptor II; TRP = tyrosinase-related protein. 